Consumer
Unfair Competition (California UCL, Section 17200)
Any unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice, or unfair, deceptive, untrue or misleading advertising.
Pleaded in 35 of the 98 matters on this docket
Governing law
Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 17200 et seq.; false advertising at 17500
Damages
Restitution and injunctive relief only. Damages are NOT available under the UCL, which is why it is almost always pleaded alongside a claim that carries them.
Limitations period
Four years, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code 17208.
Reference material about publicly available law, current as of the date this file was compiled. It is not legal advice and it does not describe anyone’s particular situation. Statutes and limitations periods vary by jurisdiction and change.
Matters pleading this claim
Amer v. ElevenLabs
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (Eastern Division) · 1:26-cv-05437
ElevenLabs text-to-speech and voice-cloning foundation models allegedly trained on scraped broadcast, podcast and audiobook recordings
Filed 2026-05-11 · Class Action
ActiveLyons v. OpenAI (Soelberg estate)
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:25-cv-11037
ChatGPT (OpenAI)
Filed 2025-12-29 · Individual Action
ActiveUnconfirmedRaine v. OpenAI
Superior Court of California, County of San Francisco (coordinated in JCCP No. 5431, In re ChatGPT Product Liability Cases) · CGC-25-628528
ChatGPT (OpenAI)
Filed 2025-08-26 · Individual Action
DiscoveryOtter.ai Wiretapping
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 5:25-cv-06911-EKL
Otter Notetaker / OtterPilot AI meeting transcription bot joining Zoom, Google Meet and Teams calls
Filed 2025-08-15 · Class Action
ActiveGetty Images v. Stability AI (US)
N.D. Cal. · 3:25-cv-06891 (TLT)
Stable Diffusion
Filed 2025-08-14 · Individual Action
DiscoveryZiff Davis v. OpenAI
S.D.N.Y. · 1:25-cv-04315 (SHS-OTW) (orig. D. Del. 1:25-cv-00501)
ChatGPT / GPT-series models
Filed 2025-04-24 · MDL
MDL ConsolidatedIn re OpenAI Copyright MDL
S.D.N.Y. · 1:25-md-03143 (SHS-OTW)
ChatGPT / GPT-series models
Filed 2025-04-03 · MDL
MDL ConsolidatedAdvance Local Media v. Cohere
S.D.N.Y. · 1:25-cv-01305
Cohere Command models and Cohere's North/RAG products
Filed 2025-02-13 · Individual Action
DiscoveryFTC v. Evolv (Deceptive AI Security Claims)
Federal Trade Commission (administrative), with related filing in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts
Evolv Express AI-powered weapons-detection screening systems
Filed 2024-11-26 · Individual Action
SettledDow Jones v. Perplexity AI
S.D.N.Y. · 1:24-cv-07984
Perplexity 'answer engine' and its RAG index
Filed 2024-10-21 · Individual Action
DiscoveryFTC Operation AI Comply
Federal Trade Commission (administrative) and U.S. District Courts for the Central District of California, Eastern District of Pennsylvania, and District of New Jersey · FTC Matter Nos. 2423023 (Ascend Ecom), 2423027 (Ecommerce Empire Builders), 232-3052 (Rytr), X240032 (FBA Machine)
AI legal-document generation (DoNotPay), AI writing/review generation (Rytr), and 'AI-powered' e-commerce storefront business-opportunity schemes
Filed 2024-09-25 · Regulatory Enforcement
ActiveDaily News v. Microsoft/OpenAI
S.D.N.Y. · 1:24-cv-03285
ChatGPT / GPT-series models and Microsoft Copilot
Filed 2024-04-30 · MDL
MDL ConsolidatedNYT v. Microsoft & OpenAI
S.D.N.Y. · 1:23-cv-11195 (SHS-OTW)
ChatGPT, GPT-4, Microsoft Copilot / Bing Chat
Filed 2023-12-27 · MDL
MDL ConsolidatedYardi RENTmaximizer Algorithmic Rent Pricing
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington · 2:23-cv-01391
Yardi RENTmaximizer / Revenue IQ multifamily revenue-management software
Filed 2023-09-08 · Class Action
DiscoveryUnconfirmedCousart / A.T. v. OpenAI
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:23-cv-04557-VC
ChatGPT and OpenAI model training data; Microsoft integrations
Filed 2023-09-05 · Class Action
DismissedKisting-Leung v. Cigna
U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California · 2:23-cv-01477
PXDX / PxDx automated claim review (Cigna)
Filed 2023-07-24 · Class Action
DismissedUnconfirmedTremblay v. OpenAI
S.D.N.Y. (transferred from N.D. Cal.) · 1:25-cv-03482 (orig. N.D. Cal. 3:23-cv-03223)
ChatGPT / GPT-series models
Filed 2023-06-28 · MDL
MDL ConsolidatedUnconfirmedP.M. v. OpenAI
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:23-cv-03199-TLT
ChatGPT / GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 (OpenAI); Microsoft integrations
Filed 2023-06-28 · Class Action
DismissedRealPage Rent-Setting Antitrust MDL
U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee (Nashville Division) · 3:23-md-03071 (MDL No. 3071)
RealPage YieldStar / Lease Rent Options / Revenue Management Solutions / AI Revenue Management
Filed 2023-04-12 · MDL
MDL ConsolidatedIn re BetterHelp
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:23-cv-01033-RS
Meta Pixel, Snap, Pinterest and Criteo advertising tags on BetterHelp intake flow
Filed 2023-03-07 · Class Action
ActiveUnconfirmedMillerKing v. DoNotPay ('Robot Lawyer')
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Illinois · 3:23-cv-00863-NJR
DoNotPay 'world's first robot lawyer' AI legal-services app
Filed 2023-03-03 · Class Action
DismissedAndersen v. Stability AI
N.D. Cal. · 3:23-cv-00201 (WHO)
Stable Diffusion, Midjourney, DreamUp, Runway image models
Filed 2023-01-13 · Class Action
DiscoveryUnconfirmedDoe v. GitHub (Copilot)
N.D. Cal. · 4:22-cv-06823 (JST); 9th Cir. No. 24-7700
GitHub Copilot / OpenAI Codex
Filed 2022-11-03 · Class Action
On AppealUnconfirmedIn re Tesla ADAS Litigation
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:22-cv-05240
Tesla Full Self-Driving (Supervised) / Autopilot
Filed 2022-09-14 · Class Action
Class CertifiedUnconfirmedAmazon Consumer Antitrust / Algorithmic Pricing
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington · 2:21-cv-00693-JHC
Amazon marketplace pricing systems, Buy Box algorithm, and price-parity/anti-discounting policies
Filed 2021-05-26 · Class Action
Class CertifiedIn re Google Generative AI
N.D. Cal. · 5:23-cv-03440
Bard / Gemini and Imagen
Filing date not established · Class Action
ActiveUnconfirmedDoe v. GoodRx
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:23-cv-00501-AMO
Meta Pixel, Google Analytics/Ads tags and Criteo tags on GoodRx web and mobile properties
Filing date not established · Class Action
ActiveKatz-Lacabe v. Oracle
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (settlement affirmed by the Ninth Circuit) · 3:22-cv-04792-RS (N.D. Cal.); No. 24-7648 (9th Cir.)
Oracle Advertising / Data Cloud — third-party cookies, device identifiers, embedded widgets and purchased broker data assembled into consumer profiles
Filing date not established · Class Action
SettledCalhoun v. Google
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (Ninth Circuit on appeal) · 4:20-cv-05146-YGR (N.D. Cal.); No. 22-16993 (9th Cir.)
Google Chrome browser; Google Analytics and Ad Manager code on third-party sites
Filing date not established · Class Action
ActiveGoogle RTB
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 4:21-cv-02155-YGR
Google Real-Time Bidding (RTB) programmatic advertising exchange / Authorized Buyers
Filing date not established · Class Action
SettledLopez v. Apple (Siri)
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 4:19-cv-04577-JSW
Apple Siri voice assistant on iPhone, HomePod, Apple Watch and other Siri-enabled devices
Filing date not established · Class Action
SettledGoogle Assistant
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 19-cv-04286 (N.D. Cal.)
Google Assistant on Google Home, Nest, Pixel and other Assistant-enabled devices
Filing date not established · Class Action
SettledFrasco v. Flo Health
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California · 3:21-cv-00757-JD
Meta, Google Firebase/Analytics and Flurry SDKs embedded in the Flo period and ovulation tracking app
Filing date not established · Class Action
ActiveIn re Clearview AI
U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (Eastern Division) · 1:21-cv-00135
Clearview AI facial recognition search engine built on approximately 50 billion images scraped from the public internet
Filing date not established · Class Action
On AppealLehrman v. Lovo
U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York · 1:24-cv-03770
Lovo 'Genny' AI text-to-speech platform; cloned voices marketed under the names 'Kyle Snow' and 'Sally Coleman'
Filing date not established · Class Action
Active